Azurite

Azurite is a mineral that is commonly found in the oxidized zones of copper ore deposits. It is renowned for its vibrant blue color and has been used for various purposes throughout history.

Azurite-malachite on gossan (Morenci Mine, Arizona, USA)

Definition: Azurite is a copper carbonate mineral with the chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. It typically forms as monoclinic prismatic crystals, but it can also occur in massive or granular forms. The mineral gets its name from its deep azure-blue color, which is highly prized for its aesthetic appeal.

Name: From the Persian lazhward, for its characteristic blue color.

Association: Malachite, chrysocolla, brochantite, antlerite, cuprite, cerussite, smithsonite, calcite, dolomite

Mineral Group: Aragonite Group

Crystallography: Monoclinic; prismatic. Habit varied. Crystals frequently complex in habit and distorted in development. Also in radiating spherical groups.

Composition: A basic carbonate of copper, Cu3(C03)2(0H )2. CuO = 69.2 per cent, C02 = 25.6 per cent, H20 = 5.2 per cent. Cu = 55.3 per cent.

Diagnostic Features: Characterized chiefly by its azure-blue color and effervescence in hydrochloric acid.

Rare Hydrous Carbonates: Aurichalcite, a basic carbonate of zinc and copper, pale green to blue, in monoclinic acicular crystals. GayLussite, CaC0 3-Na2C0 3 -5H20, monoclinic; trona, 3Na20-4C03-5H20, monoclinic; both found in saline lake deposits.

Historical Significance: Azurite has a long history of use and significance, dating back to ancient civilizations. Here are some historical aspects of azurite:

1. Ancient Egypt: Azurite was used as a pigment by the ancient Egyptians, who ground it into a fine powder to create a blue pigment for painting and cosmetics. The famous blue eye makeup seen in Egyptian art often contained azurite.
2. Medieval Europe: In medieval Europe, azurite was known as “azure stone” and was used in the creation of illuminated manuscripts and stained glass windows, adding a brilliant blue color to religious and artistic works.
3. Native American Culture: Indigenous peoples of North America used azurite for decorative purposes, crafting it into jewelry and ornamental objects. It was highly valued for its vibrant blue color.
4. Healing and Mysticism: In various cultures, azurite was believed to have metaphysical properties, including the ability to enhance psychic abilities, promote spiritual insight, and stimulate the third eye chakra. It was associated with intuition and inner vision.

Azurite is a mineral that is well-known for its stunning blue color and is often used as a decorative stone or in jewelry. It has been used as a pigment in paint and dyes for centuries. Here are some of its key chemical, physical, and optical properties:

Contents

• Chemical and Physical Properties
• Optical Properties
• Occurrence and Formation
• Uses Area
• Mining Sources, Distribution
• References

Chemical and Physical Properties

Azurite-Malachite

• Chemical Formula: Azurite has the chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. This means it is composed of copper (Cu), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) atoms.
• Chemical Composition: Azurite is primarily composed of copper carbonate hydroxide. It contains copper as a significant component, which gives it its blue color.
• Crystal System: Azurite crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system.
• Color: Azurite is well-known for its deep blue color, which can range from azure blue to a darker, nearly black shade. The color is due to the presence of copper ions in its structure.
• Luster: It exhibits a vitreous to dull luster, depending on the quality and surface finish of the specimen.
• Transparency: Azurite is typically opaque, although thin sections of the mineral may appear translucent.
• Hardness: It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to many other minerals.
• Cleavage: Azurite has perfect cleavage in one direction, meaning it can be easily split along certain planes to form smooth surfaces.
• Fracture: It exhibits conchoidal to uneven fracture, meaning that when it breaks, it can form curved, shell-like surfaces or irregular fragments.
• Density: The density of azurite ranges from 3.77 to 3.89 grams per cubic centimeter, which is relatively high.

Optical Properties

Azurite from Bisbee, Arizona

• Refractive Index: Azurite has a refractive index in the range of 1.730 to 1.838. This property affects the way light interacts with the mineral and contributes to its appearance.
• Birefringence: Azurite is birefringent, meaning that it can split light into two different refracted rays, each traveling at a different speed through the mineral. This property is often observed when examining thin sections of azurite under a polarizing microscope.
• Dispersion: Azurite exhibits low dispersion, meaning it does not break down light into its spectral colors as vividly as some other gemstones or minerals.
• Pleochroism: Azurite can display pleochroism, which means it may show different colors when viewed from different angles. This property can contribute to variations in its appearance.
• Overall, azurite is a fascinating mineral with striking blue coloration, making it a popular choice for collectors, lapidary work, and as a decorative stone. Its chemical composition and crystal structure give rise to its distinctive properties.

Occurrence and Formation

Azurite is a copper carbonate mineral that typically forms in the oxidized zones of copper ore deposits. It often occurs alongside other secondary copper minerals like malachite, cuprite, and chrysocolla. Here’s more information about its occurrence and formation:

1. Primary Occurrence:

• Azurite is not usually found in primary copper deposits where copper sulfide minerals like chalcopyrite and bornite are more common.
• Instead, it primarily forms as a secondary mineral through the weathering and alteration of primary copper sulfide minerals. These primary minerals release copper ions, which then react with carbonate ions and water to form azurite.

2. Oxidation Zone:

• Azurite forms in the upper oxidized zones of copper deposits, often near the surface, where oxygen-rich water and air can interact with copper-bearing minerals.
• The presence of water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are essential for the formation of azurite.

3. Chemical Reactions:

• The formation of azurite involves chemical reactions. Copper ions (Cu²⁺) from primary copper minerals are leached out by circulating groundwater.
• These copper ions react with carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) naturally present in the surrounding rocks or introduced by infiltrating water.
• The chemical reaction can be summarized as follows:
  • Cu²⁺ + 2CO₃²⁻ + H₂O → Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂ (Azurite) + H⁺

4. Temperature and Pressure:

• Azurite forms under relatively low temperatures and pressures, typical of near-surface geological conditions.

5. Associated Minerals:

• Azurite often occurs alongside other secondary copper minerals like malachite, which has a green color, creating a visually striking contrast.
• Cuprite and chrysocolla can also be found associated with azurite in some deposits.

6. Environmental Factors:

• The formation and stability of azurite are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and the availability of copper and carbonate ions in the groundwater.

7. Geological Settings:

• Azurite is commonly found in various geological settings, including sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and hydrothermal veins, where copper minerals are present.

In summary, azurite is a secondary mineral that forms in the oxidized zones of copper ore deposits through the reaction of copper ions with carbonate ions and water. Its striking blue color and association with other secondary copper minerals make it a sought-after mineral specimen and a valuable resource for collectors and lapidaries.

Uses Area

Azurite1

Pigments: Azurite is not a useful pigment because it is unstable in air. It was however used as a blue pigment in antiquity. Azurite is naturally occurring in Sinai and the Eastern Desert of Egypt.

Jewelry: It is used occasionally as beads and as jewelry, and also as an ornamental stone. However, its softness and tendency to lose its deep blue color as it weathers limit such uses. Heating destroys azurite easily, so all mounting of azurite specimens must be done at room temperature.

Collecting: The intense color of azurite makes it a popular collector’s stone. However, bright light, heat, and open air all tend to reduce the intensity of its color over time. To help preserve the deep blue color of a pristine azurite specimen, collectors should use a cool, dark, sealed storage environment similar to that of its original natural setting.

Prospecting: While not a major ore of copper itself, the presence of azurite is a good surface indicator of the presence of weathered copper sulfide ores. It is usually found in association with the chemically very similar malachite, producing a striking color combination of deep blue and bright green that is strongly indicative of the presence of copper ores.

Mining Sources, Distribution

Azurite is primarily mined as an ore of copper due to its copper carbonate composition. The distribution of azurite mining sources is closely tied to the occurrence of copper ore deposits. Here are some regions and countries known for azurite mining:

1. Arizona, USA:
   • The southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, is a significant source of azurite. The state is known for its rich copper deposits, and azurite often forms as a secondary mineral in these deposits. Some well-known azurite mines in Arizona include the Bisbee and Morenci mines.
2. Congo (DRC):
   • The Democratic Republic of Congo is a major producer of copper ores, and azurite is commonly associated with these deposits. The Katanga Copper Crescent in the southern part of the country is known for its copper and azurite occurrences.
3. Namibia:
   • Azurite is found in various copper mines and occurrences in Namibia. The Tsumeb Mine, in particular, is famous for producing high-quality azurite specimens.
4. Morocco:
   • Morocco is known for its deposits of copper minerals, including azurite. Mines in the region often yield azurite specimens with vibrant blue coloration.
5. Australia:
   • Azurite can be found in some Australian copper mines. The Mount Isa and Broken Hill areas are known for copper deposits that may contain azurite.
6. Mexico:
   • Mexico has several copper mines where azurite is occasionally found as part of the secondary copper mineral assemblage. Locations like the Milpillas Mine have produced notable azurite specimens.
7. Other Localities:
   • Azurite is found in various other locations around the world wherever copper ores occur. This includes places like Chile, Peru, China, Russia, and many more.

It’s important to note that azurite is primarily sought after as a mineral specimen by collectors due to its striking blue color and crystalline forms. While some azurite may be extracted as a byproduct of copper mining, the quantities are often relatively small compared to other copper minerals like chalcopyrite and bornite.

In recent years, ethical and environmental concerns related to mining have led to increased scrutiny of mineral extraction practices, including those associated with copper and azurite. Conservation efforts and regulations aim to ensure sustainable mining practices and the protection of natural resources.

References

• Bonewitz, R. (2012). Rocks and minerals. 2nd ed. London: DK Publishing.
• Dana, J. D. (1864). Manual of Mineralogy… Wiley.
• Handbookofmineralogy.org. (2019). Handbook of Mineralogy. [online] Available at: http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].
• Mindat.org. (2019): Mineral information, data and localities.. [online] Available at: https://www.mindat.org/ [Accessed. 2019].